Quality Education – A Catalyst for Change
Education Resources
In alignment with our mission as a conservation institution, Bali Exotic Marine Park (BEMP) proudly offers free online access to research journals conducted at our facility, facilitated by our esteemed partners. These open-access journals are made available to support literature studies and further the understanding of conservation practices. Through these publications, we aim to contribute to the wealth of knowledge on marine mammal conservation and promote the ethical & responsible treatment of wildlife under human care.
Authors.
*Windia Adnyana, Rizma Yolanda Timor, Siswanto
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar
*Penulis koresponden: windiaadnyana@unud.ac.id
Abstract.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) is one of the protected marine mammals in Indonesia. Although protected, its use for exhibition is still regulated. This exhibition is often carried out outside its natural habitat, so that factors such as individual adaptability, environment, and daily treatment variations affect its health.
This study aims to determine the profile of T. aduncus white blood cells at the Ex-situ Conservation Institution of “Taman Benoa Eksotik”, Bali. Five dolphins were observed. Blood samples were taken with a vacutainer through the superficial ventral fluke vein, collected in a 5 ml tube containing EDTA. Sampling was carried out five times with an interval of 30 days. Total leukocyte counts were carried out using a hematology analyzer (IDEXX VetAutoread®). The observation results showed that the average total leukocyte, granulocyte, and agranulocyte values were 5.8 ± 2.9 × 103/μL (range: 2.3 – 12.7 × 103/μL), 78.3 ± 6.5% (range: 58.8 – 87.1%), and 21.7 ± 6.5% (range: 12.9 – 41.2%). Statistically, the total leukocyte values between individual dolphins differed significantly (P <0.05), but not (P>0.05) in terms of sampling repetition. The granulocyte and agranulocyte values between individuals and between sample repetitions were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
It was concluded that the total leukocyte value was influenced by individual dolphin variations. Therefore, baseline data must be established per individual dolphin, as a basis for comparing similar data taken from that individual in the future.
Keywords: Bali, Leukocyte Profile, Tursiops aduncus
Authors.
1Ida Bagus Windia Adnyana, 2Siswanto, 3Andi Putri Restu Rachmawati Trisaldy
1* Laboratorium Patologi Veteriner , 2 Laboratorium Fisiologi Veteriner, 3 Mahasiswa Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana, JL. PB Sudirman, Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 80234 Telp. (0361) 255128 Fax (0361) 255128
*Penulis koresponden: adnyanawindia@unud.ac.id
Abstract.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiop aduncus) is a protected dolphin species, one of the efforts to protect dolphins is conservation or ex-situ captivity. The health status of captive dolphins is important to know for the survival of individuals and the dolphin ecosystem.
This study aims to determine the blood profile of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiop aduncus) at Bali Exotic Marine Park and to use the results of this study as baseline data to be used as a reference for dolphin health examinations in the future. Blood samples of 3 ml from 5 dolphins were taken from the superficial vein in the tail using a 23 gauge needle wing and inserted into a tube containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Routine hematology examinations used the Abaxis VETSCAN® device (Abaxis North America Equipment Co., Ltd., Union City, United State of America) at the Central Vet Clinic, Kerobokan, North Kuta, Bali. The results showed that the blood profile values changed within 5 months of examination, with a range of PCV values from August to December of 41.0% – 49.10% with an average of 44.46% ± 2.3, a range of total erythrocyte values from August to December of 3.50 x 106/μl – 6.14 x 106/μl with an average of 4.30 x 106/μl ± 0.61, while the range of hemoglobin values from August to December was 13.40g/% – 22.00g/% with an average of 15.88g/% ± 2.1. The results of the randomized block design test showed significance in each month on the PCV value (p = 0.001) but not significant on hemoglobin (p = 0.818) and RBC (p = 0.751).
From these results, it can be concluded that the blood value in dolphins fluctuate each month.
Keywords: profile, blood, dolphins
Authors.
1*Ida Bagus Nararya Primastana Adnyana, 2I Gede Soma,
2I Gusti Made Krisna Erawan, 2Ida Bagus Windia Adnyana
1PT. Taman Benoa Eksotik,
2Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana
Kota Denpasar, Bali
*penulis koresponden : gusprim@gmail.com
Abstract.
Bronchopneumonia is the most common fatal disease in bottlenose dolphins. It is related to the anatomical structure of the respiratory system and the inability to respond perfectly to stressful situations. This case report of the death of a bottlenose dolphin kept ex-situ describes the situation. The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) in question was a male, adult with a body weight of 149 kg. His complaints were loss of appetite, regular exhalation under the water surface, and buoyancy disorders. Hematology and blood biochemistry examinations indicated infection and inflammation due to bacteria. Treatment was carried out by administering ciprofloxacin at a dose of 29 mg/kg BW, q24h, dexamethasone 0.11 mg/kg BW q72h, and vitamins for supportive therapy. The duration of therapy was planned for 14 days. The dolphin was found dead on the 12th day after initiation of treatment.
Based on anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations, it was concluded that the cause of death was broncho-pneumonia and severe acute suppurative pleuritis which was suspected to be caused by bacterial infection.
Keywords: broncho-pneumonia, ex-situ, pleuritis, Tursiops aduncus
Authors.
Agil Adi Putri1 , Ida Bagus Windia Adnyana2, Hapsari Mahatmi3
1Mahasiswa Sarjana Pendidikan Dokter Hewan
2Laboratorium Patologi Veteriner
3Laboratorium Bakteriologi dan Mikrologi Veteriner
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana
Kampus FKH Unud, Bukit Jimbaran
Kuta Selatan, Badung Bali, Indonesia 8036
e-mail: windiaadnyana@unud.ac.id
Abstract.
Research on the types of bacteria in the respiratory tract of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Indonesia has not been widely reported, including in captive populations. This research aims to isolate and identify bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract of T. aduncus at the Bali Exotic Marine Park Dolphin Conservation Institute. It is hoped that the results of this research can be used as baseline data about the bacteria present in the upper respiratory tract of T. aduncus in captivity. The samples were respiratory mucosal swabs taken directly from the blowholes of nine T. aduncus that apparently clinically healthy. The dolphins consist of eight males and one female. Samples were taken 3 times with an interval of one week so that the total samples examined were 27 specimens. The specimen was then isolated and identified using the streak plate method. Bacterial isolation begins by culturing the sample on Nutrient Agar media, then incubating it for 24 hours in an incubator with a temperature of 37˚C. The resulting bacterial colonies were then transferred to MacConkey Agar and Sheep Blood Agar media, followed by coding for each colony. Colonies that have been coded are incubated again for 24 hours at a temperature of 37˚C. The morphology of growing bacterial colonies was identified using gram staining, primary tests (catalase and oxidase
tests), as well as identification tests using Triple Sugar Iron Agar, Simmon Citrate Agar, Sulfide Indole Motility, and Methyllen Red media, Voges Proskauer Test and Urease Test. Bacterial isolation succeeded in obtaining 32 isolates, of which 11 were non-specific growth. The bacteria identified consisted of two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus sp.) and four Gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella sp., Erdwardsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Eschericia coli).
It was concluded that there were a number of bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of T. aduncus which appeared clinically healthy.
Keywords: Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin; Tursiops aduncus; Respiratory Tract, Blowhole, Bacteria